Transportation Statistics
Transportation Information Sources
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Victoria Transport Policy Institute
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Updated 4 June 2010
This chapter describes source of information about vehicle ownership, vehicle use, personal and freight transport and traffic crashes.
Accurate travel information is important for evaluating Transportation Demand Management. In recent years transportation statistical collection practices have improved and an increasing portion of this data has become available through the Internet. This chapter describes various sources of transportation statistics
The quality of transportation statistics varies significantly. Data quality refers to the following features:
· Comprehensiveness. An adequate range of statistics should be collected to allow various types of analysis. Data should be disaggregated by geographic area, mode and vehicle type and demographic group.
· Consistency. The range of statistics, their definitions and collection methodologies should be suitably consistent between different jurisdictions, modes and time periods.
· Frequency. Data should be collected regularly: quarterly, annually, or ever several years, depending on type.
· Accuracy. The methods used to collect statistics must be suitably accurate.
· Transparency. The methods used to collect statistics must be accessible for review.
· Availability. Statistics should be readily available to users. As much as possible, data sets should be available free on the Internet in spreadsheet or database format.
Some experts have proposed or established standards for transportation statistics (Litman 2007; May, et al. 2008). A good model for high quality transportation information are the annual Highway Statistics (www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim) reports which contain more than three decades worth of standardized data supplied annually by states and regional government agencies. These data are available free in spreadsheet format. The results are extremely useful for planning, evaluation and research. No other set of transportation statistics is as comprehensive, frequent, consistent or available.
The U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) has established its own information quality standards and participates with other agencies to improve statistical information quality (BTS 2008, Transportation Statistics Annual Report, Box B). The following documents describe these efforts:
· BTS Statistical Standards Manual—covers all aspects of Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) statistical practices (www.bts.gov/programs/statistical_policy_and_research/bts_statistical_standards_manual/index.html).
· Guide to Good Statistical Practice in the Transportation Field—includes Department of Transportation (USDOT) guidelines for statistical information and additional BTS guidance for good statistical practice (www.bts.gov/publications/guide_to_good_statistical_practice_in_the_transportation_field).
· Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies—Federal Register Notice, Vol. 67, No. 36, Feb. 22, 2002, Part IX – Office of Management and Budget (www.bts.gov/publications/federal_register_notice/pdf/volume_67_number_36.pdf).
· Guidelines of the Federal Statistical Organizations—an approach to guidelines for statistical information adopted by the Interagency Council on Statistical Policy (ICSP): (www.bts.gov/publications/federal_register_notice/pdf/volume_67_number_107.pdf).
· DOT Report for Implementing OMB’s Information Dissemination Quality Guidelines —is the USDOT implementation of the Office of Management and Budget’s information quality guidelines and correction procedures. The DOT guidelines permit its agencies to issue their own guidelines, if these guidelines are consistent with the overall DOT guidelines: (http://docketsinfo.dot.gov/ombfi nal092502.pdf).
· Standards and Guidelines for Statistical Surveys—adopted September 2006: (www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/statpolicy/standards_stat_surveys.pdf).
· Title V—Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002—effective Dec.17, 2002 (www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/cipsea/cipsea_statute.pdf).
· OMB (2008), Statistical Policy Directive No. 4: Release and Dissemination of Statistical Products Produced by Federal Statistical Agencies, Office of Management and Budget (www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/2008/030708_directive-4.pdf).
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Statistics Tips and Tricks Here are common pitfalls when using transportation statistics, and ways to avoid them.
Definitions Different data sets may use different definitions that should be considered when making comparisons. For example, transportation statistics may include total motor vehicles, total roadway vehicles (including automobiles and trucks), total private vehicles, total automobiles (which generally includes vans, light trucks and sport utility vehicles), or cars. Similarly, there are variations in how crash injuries and fatalities are defined, the types of pollution emissions considered, and which public transport modes are considered. Check definitions to be sure that you understand what they include.
Transportation surveys often undercount walking trips because they ignore short trips, non-commute trips, travel by children, or non-motorized links of automobile and transit trips. Always investigate the definitions of trips and the degree to which certain modes (particularly walking trips) may be undercounted.
Percentages Versus Percentage Points There is often confusion between changes measured as percentages and percentage points. For example, below is a typical before-and-after shift of a TDM program. These changes can either be described as a doubling in nonmotorized travel, a 20% increase in transit trips, a 47% increase in alternative mode trips (7/15), an 8% reduction in motorized (7/85), or as a 7-point mode shift. All are correct statements, but they imply different magnitude of impacts and success.
Mode Before After Nonmotorized 5% 10% Transit 10% 12% Motorized 85% 78%
Always clearly distinguish between changes percentage and percentage points.
Reference units are measurement units normalized to help people understand and compare impacts such as per capita, per mile, per trip, per vehicle and per dollar. How these units are used and defined can affect analysis results. For example, measuring impacts per unit of travel (such as crash rates per 100 million vehicle-miles) implies that increased per capita vehicle mileage reduces risks. For this reason, most impacts, such as crashes, energy consumption and pollution emissions, should be measured per capita rather than per mile or kilometer of travel. |
The Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive (CNTS) offers a comprehensive listing of international and national country data facts, going back to 1815. Variables and data may be accessed in the following areas: Area & Population, Industrial, & Labor Force, Size of Military, National Government Revenue & Expenditure, School Enrollment, Domestic Conflict Event Data, International Status Indicators, National Income & Currency, Telegraph & Telephone Data, Election Data, Legislative Process, Percent Annual Change Data, Trade Data, Energy Production & Consumption, Literacy, Physician Data, Urbanization, Highway vehicles, Mail Flow Data, Political Data, Industrial Production, Media (Radio, TV, Newspaper, Books) and Railroad Data.
The International Transport Forum is an inter-governmental organisation within the OECD family, previously the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT). Key figures from government and politics, business and industry, research and civil society meet annually to debate a transport topic of worldwide strategic importance. The forum maintains key statistics on transport infrastructure, vehicles, and personal and freight transport activity. The statistics section (www.internationaltransportforum.org/statistics/statistics.html) provides access to various transportation data sources.
The EarthTrends database, produced by the World Resources Institute (www.wri.org), provides city- and country-level indicators on road networks, private vs. public transport use, vehicle fleets, road traffic, and fuel prices. This information is supplied by the International Road Federation (www.irfnet.org), the World Bank (www.worldbank.org/data) and the UNHabitat's Global Urban Indicators Database (www.unhabitat.org/programmes/guo/guo_indicators.asp).
The G-7 Transportation Highlights, published by the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, is a summary statistical report on transportation that covers the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and Japan--the Group of Seven (G-7) countries. The report covers the extent and use of the seven countries' transportation networks, and selected statistics on trade and transportation, safety, and energy and environment.
The IRF publishes World Road Statistics, a global compilation of road and vehicle statistics compiled from official sources within national statistics offices and national road administrations in more than 200 countries.
World Salaries provides international comparison of average salary for various professions and an international comparison of average personal income & expenditure, including transportation expenditures.
This website provides transport-related information for major economies in Europe, Asia and Latin America, including demographics and transport infrastructure, traffic and travel, vehicle stocks, safety, and energy and emissions. Visitors to the site can browse the information presented, search for specific data by country and topic, and analyze the complete data set by building their own tables and graphs online.
The International Association of Public Transport (www.uitp.com) has compiled the Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport and the Mobility In Cities Database (www.uitp.org/publications/MCD2-order). In total, over 200 indicators have been collected for each of the 100 cities for various years. The collected data include:
· Population.
· The economy and the urban structure.
· The number of road vehicles.
· The road network.
· Parking.
· Public transport networks (offer, usage and cost).
· Individual mobility and choice of transport mode.
· Transport system efficiency and environmental impact (duration and cost of transport, energy consumption, accidents, pollution, etc.)
The Global Urban Indicators Database maintained by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) provides statistical information on cities throughout the world, including transportation and land use data.
NationMaster is a compilation of data from such sources as the CIA World Factbook, UN, and OECD categorized by subject and country. It can be used to compare countries and generate maps and graphs. The Transport section (www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Transport) includes information on air, road and freight infrastructure, investments, vehicles and activities. However, the quality of information is unreliable (for example, “motor vehicles per capita” currently only reports car ownership, excluding vans, sport utility vehicles and light trucks).
This extensive database includes information on population, fertility, birth, deaths, education and employment, by age, gender and race, for different years and countries throughout the world.
This website presents information on transportation and transportation-related activities among Canada, the United States and Mexico. This database, presented in French, English, and Spanish, covers twelve thematic areas, including transportation and the economy, transportation safety, transportation’s impact on energy and the environment, passenger and freight activity, and transportation and trade. It updates data first collected in the 1996r report North American Transportation in Figures (www.bts.gov/itt/natf.html). The Database is produced by the North American Transportation Statistics working group within the North American Transportation Statistics Interchange, a trilateral initiative among the transportation and statistical agencies of Canada, the United States and Mexico.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development produces a variety of transportation statistics, including the OECD Factbook (www.sourceoecd.org/factbook), which provides information on passenger transport, freight transport and road accidents for 30 countries (www.oecd.org/document/62/0,2340,en_2825_497139_2345918_1_1_1_1,00.html), including transportation statistics in spreadsheet format (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/353365538624), and the International Road Traffic and Accident Database (www.oecd.org/document/53/0,2340,en_2649_34351_2002165_1_1_1_1,00.html), which provides comprehensive information on vehicle crashes. The OECD Online Information Services (OLISnet) is a program to improve and broaden information flows among OECD countries (www.oecd.org/statsportal/0,2639,en_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_1,00.html), including a section on transportation statistics (www.oecd.org/topicstatsportal/0,2647,en_2825_497139_1_1_1_1_1,00.html).
The Victoria Transport Policy Institute has assembled this information into the OECD Country Data Summary Spreadsheet, available at www.vtpi.org/OECD2006.xls. Table 1 illustrates some information from this spreadsheet.
Table 1 Fuel Price, Consumption, Travel And Risk (OECD 2006; Metschies 2005)
|
|
Fuel Prices |
Annual Transport Energy Use |
Annual Vehicle Travel |
Road Fatalities |
||||
|
|
US Cents Per Liter |
Per Capita Tonnes Petrol Equivalent |
Kms/Cap. |
Per 100,000 Population |
||||
|
|
|
To U.S. |
|
To U.S. |
|
To U.S. |
|
To U.S. |
|
Australia |
$0.85 |
157% |
1.47 |
67% |
NA |
|
8.6 |
59% |
|
Austria |
$1.32 |
244% |
0.96 |
44% |
NA |
|
10.8 |
74% |
|
Belgium |
$1.50 |
278% |
1.00 |
46% |
11,885 |
51% |
10.9 |
75% |
|
Canada |
$0.68 |
126% |
1.72 |
79% |
15,169 |
66% |
8.7 |
60% |
|
Czech Republic |
$1.08 |
200% |
0.60 |
27% |
7,516 |
33% |
13.6 |
93% |
|
Denmark |
$1.51 |
280% |
0.94 |
43% |
13,058 |
57% |
7.4 |
51% |
|
France |
$1.54 |
285% |
0.91 |
42% |
12,977 |
56% |
9.2 |
63% |
|
Finland |
$1.54 |
285% |
0.88 |
40% |
12,865 |
56% |
7.2 |
49% |
|
Germany |
$1.46 |
270% |
0.78 |
36% |
10,186 |
44% |
7.1 |
49% |
|
Greece |
$1.14 |
211% |
0.73 |
33% |
3,812 |
17% |
13.5 |
93% |
|
Hungary |
$1.30 |
241% |
0.38 |
18% |
6,428 |
28% |
12.9 |
89% |
|
Iceland |
$1.64 |
304% |
1.14 |
52% |
16,217 |
70% |
7.9 |
55% |
|
Ireland |
$1.29 |
239% |
1.14 |
52% |
NA |
|
9.5 |
66% |
|
Italy |
$1.53 |
283% |
0.77 |
35% |
15,453 |
67% |
10.3 |
71% |
|
Japan |
$1.26 |
233% |
0.73 |
34% |
6,602 |
29% |
7.5 |
52% |
|
Korea |
$1.35 |
250% |
0.72 |
33% |
NA |
|
14.7 |
101% |
|
Netherlands |
$1.62 |
300% |
0.93 |
43% |
9,961 |
43% |
4.9 |
34% |
|
New Zealand |
$0.77 |
143% |
1.38 |
63% |
NA |
|
9.9 |
68% |
|
Norway |
$1.61 |
298% |
1.05 |
48% |
12,301 |
53% |
5.6 |
39% |
|
Poland |
$1.20 |
222% |
0.30 |
14% |
5,256 |
23% |
15.0 |
103% |
|
Portugal |
$1.38 |
256% |
0.70 |
32% |
9,180 |
40% |
12.4 |
85% |
|
Russian Fed. |
$0.55 |
102% |
NA |
|
- |
0% |
24.1 |
166% |
|
Slovak Republic |
$1.17 |
217% |
0.41 |
19% |
6,128 |
27% |
11.3 |
78% |
|
Spain |
$1.21 |
224% |
0.90 |
41% |
9,270 |
40% |
11.5 |
79% |
|
Sweden |
$1.51 |
280% |
0.94 |
43% |
11,619 |
50% |
5.3 |
37% |
|
Switzerland |
$1.29 |
239% |
0.96 |
44% |
12,409 |
54% |
6.9 |
48% |
|
Turkey |
$1.44 |
267% |
0.19 |
9% |
2,305 |
10% |
8.0 |
55% |
|
United Kingdom |
$1.56 |
289% |
0.90 |
41% |
11,614 |
50% |
5.7 |
39% |
|
United States |
$0.54 |
100% |
2.18 |
100% |
23,095 |
100% |
14.5 |
100% |
This table compares transportation fuel prices, energy consumption, vehicle travel and traffic fatalities of various countries. Italic values show each factor relative to those in the U.S.
The World Health Organization Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) provides 70 core health statistics for 193 WHO Member States. It can be searched by major categories, or through user-defined tables. The data are also published annually in the World Health Statistics Report released in May.
The World Bank Development Indicators provides some information on transportation (road networks, vehicle ownership, freight transport) as available for all countries in the world. It also includes other data on population and productivity in the World Development Indicators (www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2003/index.htm) and various specialized databases (http://econ.worldbank.org/resource.php?type=18).
The Worldwide Transportation Directory is a compilation of transportation contact points in over 180 countries. Data are organized by regional area and are restricted primarily to government and quasi-government agencies and organizations. Contact information includes country, government transportation agencies and quasi-government agencies, contact person, telephone numbers, and addresses.
CoMET and NOVA are railway benchmarking programs through which members share information for comparisons and analysis. The Railway Technology Strategy Centre (RTSC), at Imperial College London, acts as the administrator, facilitates the process and provides the research resources. CoMET (the Community of Metros) consists of twelve of the world’s largest metropolitan railways (metros): Berlin BVG, Hong Kong MTR, London Underground Ltd, Metro de Madrid, Mexico City STC, Moscow MoM, Paris Metro (RATP), Paris RER, New York City Transit, Metro de Santiago, São Paulo MSP and Shanghai SMOC. NOVA consists of fifteen medium sized metro systems from around the world - Bangkok, Barcelona, Buenos Aires, Delhi, Glasgow, Lisbon, Milan, Montréal, Naples, Newcastle, Rio de Janeiro, Singapore, Taipei, Toronto and Sydney.
The International Energy Agency provides information on international energy supply, demand, prices and conservation opportunities.
The report, International Fuel Prices 2005 provides information on gasoline and diesel prices of 172 countries, including time series of prices from 1991 – 2004, fuel tax rates, fuel tax revenue (as a portion of total national tax revenue), fuel purchasing power (relative to the cost of chicken eggs), plus estimates of total vehicle ownership, annual vehicle travel and fuel consumption, fuel subsidies, and fuel contraband. Table 2 shows some of the report price data.
Table 2 Selected Country Gasoline Prices (www.international-fuel-prices.com)
|
Country |
2004 Super Gasoline Price Per Liter |
|
Iraq |
$0.03 |
|
Venezuela |
$0.04 |
|
Saudi Arabia |
$0.24 |
|
Kuwait |
$0.24 |
|
Indonesia |
$0.27 |
|
Egypt |
$0.28 |
|
Malaysia |
$0.37 |
|
China |
$0.48 |
|
Philippines |
$0.52 |
|
United States |
$0.54 |
|
Mexico |
$0.59 |
|
Canada |
$0.68 |
|
New Zealand |
$0.77 |
|
South Africa |
$0.81 |
|
Brazil |
$0.84 |
|
Australia |
$0.85 |
|
Greece |
$1.14 |
|
Poland |
$1.20 |
|
Spain |
$1.21 |
|
Japan |
$1.21 |
|
South Korea |
$1.35 |
|
Turkey |
$1.44 |
|
Sweden |
$1.51 |
|
Hong Kong |
$1.54 |
|
United Kingdom |
$1.56 |
|
Netherlands |
$1.62 |
This table indicates average 2004 gasoline retail prices in some of the 172 countries listed in the 2005 International Fuel Prices report. This report also provides data on diesel prices, taxes, and other information.
The U.S. DOE’s Energy Information Administration’s International Fact Sheets (www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/fact.html) provide information on energy supply, demand, prices and alternative fuels in various parts of the world. The The International Energy Outlook (www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo) provides information on energy production, consumption, trade, stocks, and prices.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) produces the Urban Indicators for Managing Cities: Cities Data Book (www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp) which provides demographic, economic and infrastructure data on various Asian cities. Tables 3 and 4 indicate examples of data from this book.
Table 3 Mode Split In Selected Asian Cities (ADB, 2001)
|
|
Private Automoible |
Train, Tram, Light Rail |
Bus |
Motorcycle or Three-Wheeler |
Bicycle, including pedi-cab |
Walking |
Others, including Boat, Taxi, Animal, etc. |
|
Bangalore |
11% |
7% |
38% |
18% |
11% |
16% |
0% |
|
Bishkek |
10% |
60% |
20% |
2% |
1% |
7% |
0% |
|
Cebu |
4% |
0% |
60% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
36% |
|
Colombo |
4% |
4% |
71% |
13% |
0% |
6% |
2% |
|
Dhaka |
3% |
0% |
9% |
3% |
1% |
60% |
24% |
|
Hanoi |
NAV |
NAV |
9% |
59% |
29% |
4% |
0% |
|
Hohhot |
2% |
0% |
2% |
4% |
91% |
1% |
0% |
|
Hong Kong |
8% |
34% |
53% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
5% |
|
Kathmandu |
NAV |
NAV |
4% |
33% |
0% |
0% |
63% |
|
Lahore |
18% |
NAV |
15% |
19% |
19% |
17% |
12% |
|
Mandaluyong |
22% |
1% |
7% |
17% |
3% |
13% |
37% |
|
Medan |
5% |
NAV |
86% |
8% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
|
Melbourne |
55% |
40% |
2% |
1% |
1% |
1% |
1% |
|
Naga |
19% |
0% |
58% |
19% |
4% |
0% |
0% |
|
Phnom Penh |
10% |
0% |
15% |
60% |
2% |
3% |
10% |
|
Seoul |
20% |
32% |
29% |
NAV |
NAV |
NAV |
19% |
|
Bangalore |
11% |
7% |
38% |
18% |
11% |
16% |
0% |
|
Bishkek |
10% |
60% |
20% |
2% |
1% |
7% |
0% |
NAV – not available
Table 4 Transport Indicators In Selected Asian Cities (ADB 2001)
|
|
Median Travel Time |
Road Infrastructure Expenditures |
Road Congestion |
Auto Ownership |
Cost Recovery Fees |
Commercial Ships |
Aviation – National |
Aviation – Internat. |
|
|
Minutes |
Annual US$ Per Capita |
% |
Per 1,000 residents |
Annual US$ Per Capita |
Per Month |
Flights Per Month |
Flights Per Month |
|
Bangalore |
40 |
3.17 |
100 |
231 |
102 |
0 |
690 |
52 |
|
Bishkek |
45 |
0.94 |
70 |
109 |
1 |
0 |
386 |
269 |
|
Cebu |
NAV |
NAV |
NAV |
25 |
NAV |
68,823 |
2,900 |
19 |
|
Colombo |
35 |
11.88 |
NAV |
7 |
NAV |
NAV |
NAV |
NAV |
|
Dhaka |
50 |
NAV |
NAV |
2 |
NAV |
NAV |
NAV |
NAV |
|
Hanoi |
25 |
4.42 |
NAV |
NAV |
57 |
0 |
2,645 |
245 |
|
Hohhot |
30 |
9.80 |
NAV |
1 |
NAV |
0 |
155 |
8 |
|
Hong |
Kong |
47 |
99.00 |
47 |
106 |
107 |
19,278 |
0 |
|
Kathmandu |
35 |
1.93 |
NAV |
279 |
60 |
0 |
1,905 |
395 |
|
Lahore |
40 |
2.22 |
3 |
240 |
100 |
0 |
977 |
244 |
|
Mandaluyong |
90 |
3.49 |
1 |
248 |
NAV |
2,495 |
1,170 |
4,110 |
|
Medan |
30 |
1.38 |
15-25 |
48 |
7 |
4,487 |
567 |
87 |
|
Melbourne |
20 |
106.00 |
0 |
341 |
NAV |
3,050 |
10,064 |
1,449 |
|
Naga |
30 |
23.65 |
NAV |
87 |
NAV |
0 |
76 |
NAP |
|
Phnom |
Penh |
25 |
0.83 |
NAV |
8 |
NAV |
2,265 |
NAV |
|
Seoul |
44 |
171.22 |
NAV |
290 |
NAV |
NAP |
6,452 |
8,311 |
|
Suva |
35 |
NAV |
NAV |
115 |
NAV |
42 |
240 |
28 |
|
Ulaanbaatar |
25 |
1.69 |
0 |
33 |
79 |
0 |
121 |
42 |
NAV – not available
A study by Bassett, et al. (2008) uses various data sources to calculate overall travel (mileage) and mode split (percentage of trips) by walking, cycling and public transit for various countries.
Table 5 Personal Travel Mode Split of Various Countries (Bassett, et al. 2008)
|
Country |
Year |
Transit |
Bike |
Walk |
Obesity Rates* |
|
Latvia |
2003 |
32% |
5% |
30% |
(13.7%) |
|
Switzerland |
2005 |
12% |
5% |
45% |
8% |
|
Netherlands |
2006 |
5% |
25% |
22% |
8.1% (11.2%) |
|
Spain |
2000 |
12% |
|
35% |
12.8% |
|
Sweden |
2006 |
11% |
9% |
23% |
9.4% |
|
Austria |
2005 |
17% |
4% |
21% |
|
|
Germany |
2002 |
8% |
9% |
23% |
12.1% |
|
Finland |
2005 |
8% |
9% |
22% |
13.3% |
|
Denmark |
2003 |
8% |
15% |
16% |
12.2% |
|
Norway |
2001 |
10% |
4% |
22% |
14.3% |
|
UK |
2006 |
9% |
2% |
24% |
24% |
|
France |
1994 |
8% |
3% |
19% |
11% |
|
Belgium |
1999 |
6% |
8% |
16% |
|
|
Ireland |
2006 |
11% |
2% |
13% |
18% |
|
Canada |
2001 |
11% |
1% |
7% |
15.2 (22.7%) |
|
Australia |
2006 |
8% |
1% |
5% |
16.2% (20.8%*) |
|
USA |
2001 |
2% |
1% |
9% |
34.3% |
* Combined male and female obesity prevalence based on Body Mass Index (BMI). Values in parenthesis are from national health examination surveys. Other values are based on self-reported weight and height.
EU (2006), Energy and Transport in Figures, European Union (http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/statistics/statistics_en.htm) provides energy and transport statistics for the Member States of the European Union and other European countries (the countries that have applied to join the European Union and the countries of the European Free Trade Association). Data are available in spreadsheet format. The Online Database – Transport, (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136228,0_45572945&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL) includes detailed statistics on passenger and freight transport by air and sea for the EU Member States, Candidate and EEA countries.
UNECU (2008), Annual Bulletin Of Transport Statistics For Europe And North America, Economic Commission For Europe (www.unece.org); at www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/ABTS2008.pdf; data spreadsheets at www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/ABTS2008_tables.zip. This report provides data on transport activity; transport equipment and transport infrastructure by mode (rail, road, inland waterway, maritime, intermodal and oil pipeline). This publication , as well as the Bulletin on Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Europe and North America, are produced by the Working Party on Transport Statistics, which administers an annual collection of data from member countries and aims to harmonize transport statistics at the international level. Additional economic, social and environmental statistics at http://w3.unece.org/pxweb/Dialog.
Eurostat provides statistical information on European countries, including vehicle ownership, personal and freight travel, population and income. The report, Passenger Mobility in Europe (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-07-087/EN/KS-SF-07-087-EN.PDF) summarizes and compared passenger transport data from twenty European countries. Table 6 presents three main indicators for measuring
passenger mobility. The Transport Theme page (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/url/page/SHARED/PER_TRANSP) includes statistics and recent reports.
Table 6 Passenger Mobility in Europe (Eurostat, Passenger Mobility in Europe)
|
Country |
Average number of trips/person/day |
Average travel distance (km)/person/day |
Average travel time (minutes)/person/day |
|
Belgium (BE) |
3.0 |
: |
: |
|
Czech Republic (CZ) |
: |
21.9 |
: |
|
Denmark (DK) |
3.0 |
37.3 |
: |
|
Germany (DE) |
3.3 |
36.9 |
80.0 |
|
Estonia (EE) |
: |
37.3 |
: |
|
Spain (ES) |
1.8 |
: |
44.4 |
|
France (FR) |
2.9 |
35.3 |
58.2 |
|
Latvia (LV) |
1.9 |
8.7 |
13.0 |
|
Netherlands (NL) |
3.1 |
31.9 |
59.9 |
|
Austria (AT) |
3.0 |
28.1 |
68.8 |
|
Finland (FI) |
2.9 |
41.8 |
70.7 |
|
Sweden (SE) |
2.7 |
44.1 |
62.6 |
|
United Kingdom (UK) |
2.9 |
31.8 |
63.3 |
|
Switzerland (CH) |
3.6 |
37.1 |
84.5 |
|
Norway (NO) |
3.3 |
37.9 |
68.2 |
The ADONIS report, Analysis And Development Of New Insight Into Substitution Of Short Car Trips By Cycling And Walking, includes information on travel mode split in various European cities, as summarized in Table 7.
Table 7 Mode Split In Selected European Cities (ADONIS 1998)
|
City |
Foot and Cycle |
Public Transport |
Car |
Inhabitants |
|
Amsterdam (NL) |
47 % |
16 % |
34 % |
718,000 |
|
Groningen (NL) |
58 % |
6 % |
36 % |
170,000 |
|
Delf (NL) |
49 % |
7 % |
40 % |
93,000 |
|
Copenhague (DK) |
47 % |
20 % |
33 % |
562,000 |
|
Arhus (DK) |
32 % |
15 % |
51 % |
280,000 |
|
Odense (DK) |
34 % |
8 % |
57 % |
1,983,000 |
|
Barcelona (Spain) |
32 % |
39 % |
29 % |
1,643,000 |
|
L’Hospitalet (Spain) |
35 % |
36 % |
28 % |
273,000 |
|
Mataro (Spain) |
48 % |
8 % |
43 % |
102,000 |
|
Vitoria (Spain) |
66 % |
16 % |
17 % |
215,000 |
|
Brussels (BE) |
10 % |
26 % |
54 % |
952,000 |
|
Gent (BE) |
17 % |
17 % |
56 % |
226,000 |
|
Brujas (BE) |
27 % |
11 % |
53 % |
116,000 |
This table summarizes mode split in various European cities.
This website provides information on various European Commission transportation improvement programs, including planning and evaluation which includes statistics on transportation system performance in different cities.
The European Commission, DGVII, web page contains transport statistics for EU countries, some countries in Eastern Europe, with comparisons with the U.S. and Japan. It publishes EU Energy and Transport In Figures (http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/figures/pocketbook), which provides comprehensive information on transportation in the European Union, and other documents on transportation.
The European Conference of Ministers of Transport website provides information on various forms of transportation, including time series data on road, rail and marine transport networks and use, and transport safety.
This international organization provides information on European vehicle emissions and emission reduction strategies.
Provides European travel data and information on transportation planning activities.
The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), a diversion of the US Department of Transportation, which serves as the lead agency in developing and coordinating intermodal transportation statistics. It provides comprehensive data collection, analysis, and reporting for a variety of U.S. government agencies, and produces a wide range of reports and databases. The annual National Transportation Statistics (www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics) report provides annual information on vehicle ownership, vehicle travel, personal travel, freight travel, traffic crashes, energy consumption, pollution emissions and other transportation activities and impacts. State Transportation Statistics (www.bts.gov/pdc/user/products/src/products.xml?p=2773) provides information on infrastructure, freight movement and passenger travel, safety, vehicles, economy and finance, and energy and the environment covering the 50 U.S. states.
The American Public Transportation Association (APTA) has a Transit Statistics webpage (www.apta.com/research/stats) and the annual Public Transportation Fact Book (www.apta.com/research/stats/factbook/index.cfm) which includes information on transit ridership, service, funding, operating costs, investments and revenues, by transit mode. The Federal Transit Administration supports the National Transit Database (NTD), which includes standard data reported by more than 600 transit agencies (www.ntdprogram.gov). This information is provided for individual agencies, and in national summaries. A special section of the website provides datasets for previous years (www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/archives.htm). The data include:
TransStats is a searchable index maintained by the Bureau of Transportation statistics with more than 100 transportation-related databases of various modes ― with many social and demographic data sets that are commonly used in transportation analysis.
This Bureau of Transportation annual report provides information on Mobility and Access to Transportation, Safety and Security, Global Connectivity, and Energy and Environment.
The U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s annual Highway Statistics reports provide comprehensive information on roadway conditions, travel and expenditures in the U.S. The major sections are listed below, with most data provided by state and national totals.
· Section I: Motor Fuel: consumption of petroleum and alternative fuels, prices and taxes.
· Section II: Motor Vehicles: registrations, mileage, fuel efficiency and taxes.
· Section III: Driver Licensing: driver licenses by age group.
· Section IV: Highway Finance: vehicle user fee receipts, roadway expenditures, toll revenues, and transit expenditures, each grouped by local, state and federal level of government.
· Section V: Roadway Extent, Characteristics, and Performance: public road supply, vehicle traffic and fatalities by roadway category (highway, arterial, collector, local, etc.) and geographic location (urban or rural).
· Section VI: International Comparison: compares various transportation data with Japan, France, Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico and the United States.
The Metropolitan Travel Survey Archives is a special project by the University of Minnesota, funded by the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the Federal Highway Administration, to store, preserve, and make publicly available, via the internet, travel surveys conducted by U.S. metropolitan areas, states and localities. As of 2006 the archive hosts about 58 surveys from 28 different agencies spanning over 40 years. Of these surveys, 44 have been converted to a standardized format to facilitate comparison and analysis.
The San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s Census Data & Reports website (www.mtc.ca.gov/maps_and_data/datamart/census) provides an excellent example of transportation-related statistics for a specific metropolitan region
The U.S. Census Bureau collects and distributes a variety of data about the people and economy of the United States, including information on population, income, trade, transportation activities, journey to work, transportation industry employment and production. The American Community Survey (www.census.gov/acs), which replaces the census long form, provides community-level demographic and economic data, including income, employment rates, commute travel time and mode split. The 2001 American Housing Survey (www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html) has information on average commute distance, time and mode. The Neighborhood Change Data Base has Tract level data from 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 (www.uscensus.biz). The Census Data for Transportation Planning (www.trbcensus.com) includes a variety of information useful for transport analysis, including commute travel data. The annual Statistical Abstract of the United States (www.census.gov/compendia/statab) summarizes data from the Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and many other Federal agencies and private organizations. The Transportation Chapter (www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/trans.pdf ) includes statistics on transport infrastructure, vehicles, travel, safety and economic activity. The Journey to Work report (www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-33.pdf) provides information on commute patterns and their shifts between 1990 and 2000.
Government agencies are estimated to spend approximately $600 million annually to collect environmental statistics, but these efforts are inefficient and the resulting data are often poor quality due to inadequate coordination (GAO 2004; Bullock 2006).
The National Center for Statistics and Analysis division of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) works to help insure that complete, accurate and timely traffic safety data are collected, analyzed and made available for decision-making at the U.S. national, state and local levels.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics produces the Consumer Expenditure Survey, which provides information on consumer expenditures on vehicles and other transportation related goods. It also provides price indices that are useful for adjusting prices to account for inflation. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (www.bea.gov) is an agency of the Department of Commerce which produces economic statistics such as employement and business activity.
Contains statistics compiled by over seventy U.S. government agencies.
The National Household Travel Survey (formerly known as the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey [NPTS] and the American Travel Survey [ATS]) are household-based travel surveys conducted every five years from a sample of U.S. households and expanded to provide national estimates of trips and miles by travel mode, purpose, and a host of other characteristics. The survey collects information on daily, local trips and on long-distance travel in the United States. Summary data and analysis are presented in reports, and users can access the complete database through an Internet interface that performs searches, sorting and other types of analysis. For
The U.S. Department of Energy provides comprehensive information on U.S. energy issues. The DOE’s Energy Information Administration (www.eia.doe.gov) provides statistical information on energy supply, demand, prices and alternative fuels. The DOE’s Oak Ridge National Laboratories produces an annual Transportation Energy Book (www-cta.ornl.gov/data) which provides information on U.S. transportation activities and resources. Annual Energy Review (www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html) provides information on U.S. energy production, consumption, trade, stocks, and prices.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides information on transportation environmental impacts, including a publication on Transportation Indicators.
The Alliance for Biking and Walking’s Bicycling and Walking in the U.S.: 2010 Benchmarking Report (www.peoplepoweredmovement.org/site/index.php/site/memberservices/C529) provides data on bicycling and walking levels and demographics; bicycle and pedestrian safety; bicycle and pedestrian policies and provisions; funding for bicycle and pedestrian projects; bicycle and pedestrian staffing levels; written policies on bicycling and walking; bicycle infrastructure including bike lanes, paths, signed bike routes, and bicycle parking; bike-transit integration including presence of bike racks on buses, bike parking at transit stops; bicycling and walking education and encouragement activities; and public health indicators including levels of obesity, physical activity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Most of the data is for the U.S., disaggregated at national, state and regional geographic scales, plus some international comparisons.
Most regional planning agencies (called Metropolitan Planning Organizations or MPOs in the U.S.) and state and provincial transportation agencies have transportation data collection and modeling programs, including information on road, rail and transit networks, personal and freight transport, expenditures and crashes. This information is increasingly available through the Internet. For a list of regional government agencies see the National Association of Regional Councils website (www.narc.org).
Transport Canada provides a variety of statistical information on vehicles, personal travel, transport safety and freight transport in Canada. The Transportation In Canada (www.tc.gc.ca/pol/en/anre/Transportation_Annual_Report.htm) annual reports provide information on vehicle ownership, travel, costs, etc. This information is summarized in the T-Facts information files (www.tc.gc.ca/pol/en/T-Facts3/TFactsmenu_e.asp).
Statistics Canada is a federal agency that collects, analyzes and distributes objective information on Canada’s population, resources, economy, society and culture, including statistics on road, rail, air, marine, vehicles, journey to work, trade, freight, consumer expenditures, and other transportation related factors. The Canadian Vehicle Survey (www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/53F0004XIE.htm) provides quarterly data on vehicle ownership and use. The report, Commuting Patterns and Places of Work of Canadians (www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/pow/pdf/97-561-XIE2006001.pdf) summarizes commute mode split, distance and location data from the 2006 Canadian census.
The Transportation Association of Canada is a non-profit association of transportation stakeholders in government, private industry, and educational institutions. It produces various information resources, including Urban Transportation Indicators Database and the Directory Of Canadian Transportation Data Sources.
A study by Pacific Analytics (2008) evaluates the quality of
current transportation energy consumption and emission data, and recommends
various ways to improve the quality of this information for policy analysis and
planning purposes.
Publishes annual transit statistics reports, including statistics on both public and private transit systems operated in urban municipalities in Canada.
Statistics Canada conducted this study to measure factors that affected fuel consumption and the distance driven by members of Canadian households. It also described the characteristics of the motor vehicle fleet used by members of households for personal reasons (with the exception of motorcycles, mopeds, scooters, recreational vehicles, vehicles rented for a short period, vehicles used only for commercial purposes and trucks used solely for camping). See the Comprehensive Energy Use Database (http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/trends_tran_ns.cfm) and the Energy Use Data Handbook: 1990 and 1997 to 2003, Natural Resources Canada (http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/data_e/handbook05/datahandbook2005.pdf), 2005.
The Royal Society of the Prevention of Accidents provides UK and International accident statistics, and extensive safety information.
The British Department for Transport, Transport Statistics website provides the following national and regional transportation data:
· Personal Travel, including information from the National Travel Survey.
· Public Transport, including tables using information collected from bus and coach operators.
· Road Vehicles, including stock and first registrations.
· Road Traffic, including traffic and traffic speeds by region.
· Roads, including road lengths and road condition by region.
· Safety, including regional casualty figures for different types of road users.
· Freight, including goods moved and lifted by origin and destination.
· Air, including passenger and freight movements by region.
· General, including regional population and GDP.
The NTS, performed each decade, details of the travel habits of residents in Great Britain, and shows how these vary according to factors such as age, gender, car ownership and where people live.
Transportation, transit, planning, census, public safety and energy agencies provide transportation statistics, and an increasing portion are posting this information on the Internet. Below are some examples.
Australian Transportation Statistics (www.btre.gov.au/docs/trnstats02/trnstats.htm) provides comprehensive statistics on roadway, rail, marine and air transport in Australia. The Australian Transport Statistics Yearbook (www.bitre.gov.au/info.aspx?ResourceId=710&NodeId=111) provides data on employment, GDP, infrastructure expenditure, passenger and freight movements, trade, motor vehicles, fatalities and estimated greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the transport industry in document and spreadsheet format. The Transport Statistics Homepage (www.bitre.gov.au/info.aspx?NodeId=5) provides a variety of statistics on Australian transport services and activities. The report, Urban Passenger Transport: How People Move About In Australian Cities (www.bitre.gov.au/publications/05/Files/IS31.pdf) provides various urban transportation statistics.
Australian Transport Statistics (www.dotrs.gov.au/bte/stats.htm) provides various statistics on different forms of transportation in Australia.
Victoria Australia Department of Transport Statistics (www.transport.vic.gov.au/statistics) provides various transportation statistics from the State of Victoria, including the following:
Victorian
Transport Statistics Portal - Access and interrogate transport-related
data. Users can profile and compare Local Government Areas (LGAs) and
Statistical Local Areas (SLAs).
Public
transport facts and figures - key statistics for buses, trains and
trams.
Taxi
industry statistics - details of number of licenses, trips, average
fares and more.
Victorian
Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity - a major survey of travel
behaviours of Victorians.
Track
Record - monthly and quarterly bulletins about the performance of
Victoria's public transport services.
Transport
Demand Information Atlas for Victoria 2008 - details aspects of the
passenger and freight tasks.
Research
links - other statistics and research-related websites.
The New Zealand Ongoing Household Travel Survey is an ongoing survey of household travel conducted for the Ministry of Transport. Each year, people in more than 4,600 households throughout New Zealand are invited to participate in the survey by recording all their travel over a two-day period. Each person in the household is then interviewed about their travel and is also asked about their alcohol consumption and other travel-related information. The data are presented in various factsheets and spreadsheets.
How New Zealanders Travel. Overall report.
Risk on the road Provides
information on the risks of being involved or killed or injured in motor
vehicle crashes in New Zealand. Includes risk by travel mode, risk by age
demographic for drivers, passengers, pedestrians and cyclists, risk by when
travelling.
Cycling for transport
Includes information on travel mode share, who cycles, cycling times and
distances, destinations and purposes of cycling, trends in cycling.
Walking for transport
Includes information on travel mode share, walking by age, gender, household
structure (such as household type, household vehicles), walking destinations
and purposes, time spent walking, trends in walking.
Driver travel Driver travel in
light four-wheeled vehicles (cars, vans, utes and SUVs), including driver
demographics, destinations, vehicle types, information about passengers
carried, time of day, lifetime driving experience and trends in driver travel.
Version 1.2 replaces the earlier version. It includes revisions, amendments and
the addition of a section on SUV travel.
Comparing Travel Modes
Includes trends in mode share, travel by different age groups and destination
types, travel to school, and travel by urban and rural residents. Version 1.4
replaces the earlier version. It includes revisions and amendments.
The Transport Monitoring Indicator
Framework includes selected national and regional results, graphs and
maps.
Transport India (www.transportindia.in/l_Statistics_home.asp) provides information on infrastructure (railroads, roads and airports). IndiaStats provides information on transportation infrastructure, vehicles and activities, but much of the information must be purchased.
Table 8 Indian Cities Mode Split, 2007 (Wilbur Smith 2008)
|
City Category |
City Population |
Walk |
Bicycle |
Motor-cycle |
Public Transport |
Car |
Auto Rickshaw |
|
Category-1a |
<500,000, plain terrain |
34 |
3 |
26 |
5 |
27 |
5 |
|
Category-1b |
<500,000, hilly terrain |
57 |
1 |
6 |
8 |
28 |
0 |
|
Category-2 |
500,000-1,000,000 |
32 |
20 |
24 |
9 |
12 |
3 |
|
Category-3 |
1,000,000-2,000,000 |
24 |
19 |
24 |
13 |
12 |
8 |
|
Category-4 |
2,000,000-4,000,000 |
25 |
18 |
29 |
10 |
12 |
6 |
|
Category-5 |
4,000,000-8,000,000 |
25 |
11 |
26 |
21 |
10 |
7 |
|
National |
|
28 |
11 |
16 |
27 |
13 |
6 |
This table indicates the mode split in Indian cities. Walking is the dominant mode but receives little consideration in transport planning and investment.
The Report On Statistical Indicators Of Public Transport Performance In Sub-Saharan Africa (UITP 2010) provides information urban population and area, vehicle ownership, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, portion of household budget devoted to transport, roadway supply, percentage of paved roads, number of vehicles by mode (motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks), capacity (seats) and occupancy per vehicle, average annual kilometers per vehicle, annual passengers per transit vehicle, daily trips per transit vehicle, mode share (walking, cycling, motorcycle, private car, private taxi, public transit, informal public transit, etc.), annual roadway investments, annual investments in public annual private car operating costs, annual fuel consumption per vehicle, annual operating costs of public transit vehicles, transit, annual public transit revenue, transit fares, traffic fatalities, vehicle air pollutants, and average traffic speeds.
|
A prominent scientist conducted an experiment. He trained a flea to jump when it heard a bell. He then removed one of the flea’s legs and found that it would still jump in response to the bell. The scientist wrote in his laboratory notebook, “Upon removing one leg, all flea organs function properly.”
Next, he removed the flea’s second leg, and found that it sill responded to the bell by jumping. He wrote, “Upon removing a second leg, all flea organs continue to function properly.”
Thereafter he removed each of the flea’s legs, one by one, and the flea continued to jump in response to the bell. Each time the scientist carefully noted in his notebook that the flea’s organs continued to function. Finally, he removed the last leg and rang the bell. This time the flea did not jump. This observation he recorded in his notebook.
In order to insure the statistical accuracy of his study the scientist repeated this experiment several times. In each case the fleas jumped on command until their last leg was removed. After several days of painstaking work the scientist finally wrote his conclusions: “When their legs are removed, a flea loses its sense of hearing.”
-The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals certifies that no fleas were harmed in the production of this joke. |
ABW (2010), Bicycling and Walking in the U.S.: 2010 Benchmarking Report, Alliance for Biking & Walking, (www.peoplepoweredmovement.org); at www.peoplepoweredmovement.org/site/index.php/site/memberservices/C529.
ACEEE (2010), Where Has All the Data Gone?, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (www.aceee.org); at http://aceee.org/pubs/e101.htm.
ADB (2001), Urban Indicators for Managing Cities: Cities Data Book, Asian Development Bank (www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp).
APTA (annual reports), Transit Statistics, American Public Transportation Association (www.apta.com/research/stats).
ATC (2009), The Way Forward: Australian Transportation Data Action Network
Strategic Research And Technology Working Group, Australian Transport Council.
ATSB (2007), International Road Safety Comparisons: The 2005 Report A Comparison of road Safety statistics in OECD nations and Australia, Australian Transport Safety Bureau (www.atsb.gov.au); at www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2007/pdf/Int_comp_05.pdf.
David Bassett, John Pucher, Ralph Buehler, Dixie L. Thompson, and Scott E. Crouter (2008), “Walking, Cycling, and Obesity Rates in Europe, North America, and Australia,” Journal of Physical Activity and Health, Vol. 5 (www.humankinetics.com/jpah/journalAbout.cfm), pp. 795-814; at http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher/JPAH08.pdf.
BITRE (2009), Urban Passenger Transport: How People Move About In Australian Cities, Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (www.bitre.gov.au); at www.bitre.gov.au/publications/05/Files/IS31.pdf.
BTS (annual reports), National Transportation Statistics, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics).
BTS (annual reports), Transportation Statistics Annual Report (www.bts.gov/pdc/user/products/src/products.xml?p=2775&c=-1). Provides information on Mobility and Access to Transportation, Safety and Security, Global Connectivity, and Energy and Environment.
BTS (annual reports), State Transportation Statistics (www.bts.gov/pdc/user/products/src/products.xml?p=2773). Provides information on infrastructure, freight movement and passenger travel, safety, vehicles, economy and finance, and energy and the environment covering the 50 U.S. states.
Bureau of Transportation Statistics (www.bts.gov) provides comprehensive transportation information for the United States.
CCAP (2010), Data & Capacity Needs for Transportation NAMAs: Report 1, Data Availability, Center for Clean Air Policy (www.ccap.org); at www.ccap.org/docs/resources/925/CCAP_Transport_NAMA_Data_Availability.pdf.
CIT (2007), Are We There Yet? A Comparison of Transport in Europe, Commission for Integrated Transport (www.cfit.gov.uk); at www.cfit.gov.uk/docs/2007/ebp/index.htm.
Cities 21, Bay Area Business Park Catalog, USEPA and Cities 21 (www.cities21.org/BABPC), provides commute statistics data for major employment centers in the San Francisco Bay area, for analysis of factors that affect commute trip patterns.
Forrest M. Council, David L. Harkey, Daniel L. Carter and Bryon White (2007), Model Minimum Inventory of Roadway Elements—MMIRE, Federal Highway Administration (www.fhwa.dot.gov); at www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/07046/index.htm.
CSGC (2009), California Strategic Growth Council Data Needs Survey, California Strategic Growth Council (www.sgc.ca.gov).
Stacy C. Davis and Susan W. Diegel (2006), Transportation Energy Data Book, Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy (http://cta.ornl.gov/data).
EIA (annual reports), Annual Energy Review, Energy Information Administration (www.eia.doe.gov); at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html. provides information on U.S. energy production, consumption, trade, stocks, and prices.
EMBARQ (2008), Measuring The Invisible: New EMBARQ Publications Help Cities Quantify Emissions From Reductions From Transport Solutions, EMBARQ - The World Resources Institute Center for Sustainable Transport (www.embarq.wri.org); at http://embarq.wri.org/en/Article.aspx?id=140#Queretaro.
Marcus P. Enoch and James P. Warren (2008), “Automobile Use Within Selected Island States,” Transportation Research Record A (www.elsevier.com/locate/tra), Vol. 42, Issue 9, pp. 1208-1219.
Eurostat (www.europa.eu.int).
FHWA (annual reports), Highway Statistics, FHWA, USDOT (www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/hsspubs.cfm).
Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html) is a USEPA website that compares various units and examples of climate change emissions and emission reduction impacts.
IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, International Energy Agency (www.iea.org), provides information on energy production, consumption and price.
International Association of Public Transport (www.uitp.com).
International Fuel Prices (www.internationalfuelprices.com) is a website with information on international fuel price reports from GTZ (a German international development agency) and other sources.
iRAP International Transport Statistics Database (www.iraptranstats.net), by the Transport Statistics Programme, funding by the FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society, provides a wide selection of transport statistics.
G. Jocobs, A. Aeron-Thomas and A. Astrop (2000), Estimating Global Road Fatalities, Overseas Unit, Transport and Road Research Laboratory (www.transport-links.org); at www.factbook.net/EGRF_Regional_analyses_HMCs.htm.
Jeffrey Kenworthy (2008), “Transport Heaven and Hell,” ITS Magazine, February; at www.industry.siemens.de/traffic/EN/NEWS/ITSMAGAZINE/HTML/0802/fokus_1.html.
Jeff Kenworthy (2008), “An International Review of The Significance of Rail in Developing More Sustainable Urban Transport Systems in Higher Income Cities,” World Transport Policy & Practice, Vol. 14, No. 2 (www.eco-logica.co.uk); at www.eco-logica.co.uk/pdf/wtpp14.2.pdf.
Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Felix B. Laube (1999), An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities, 1960-1990, University Press of Colorado (Boulder).
Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Felix B. Laube (2001), The Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport, International Association of Public Transport (www.uitp.com).
Todd Litman (2003), “Measuring Transportation: Traffic, Mobility and Accessibility,” ITE Journal (www.ite.org), Vol. 73, No. 10, October, pp. 28-32; at www.vtpi.org/measure.pdf.
Todd Litman (2006), Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis: Techniques, Estimates and Implications, Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org/tca). Includes information sources for many specific economic, social and environmental costs related to transport.
Todd Litman (2007), “Developing Indicators For Comprehensive And Sustainable Transport Planning,” Transportation Research Record 2017, Transportation Research Board (www.trb.org), 2007, pp. 10-15; at www.vtpi.org/sus_tran_ind.pdf.
Todd Litman (2008), Well Measured: Developing Indicators for Comprehensive and Sustainable Transport Planning, VTPI (www.vtpi.org); at www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf.
Todd Litman (2009), The Future Isn’t What It Used To Be: Changing Trends And Their Implications For Transport Planning, Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org); at www.vtpi.org/future.pdf; originally published as “Changing Travel Demand: Implications for Transport Planning,” ITE Journal, Vol. 76, No. 9, (www.ite.org), September 2006, pp. 27-33.
Anthony May, Susan Grant-Muller, Greg Marsden and Sotirios Thanos (2008), Improving The Collection And Monitoring Of Urban Travel Data: An International Review, #08-1244, TRB Annual Meeting (www.trb.org).
Hugh McClintock (2001), Comprehensive Transportation Planning Bibliography, Institute of Urban Planning, University of Nottingham, U.K (www.nottingham.ac.uk/sbe/planbiblios/bibs).
Gerhard Metschies (2005), International Fuel Prices 2005, with Comparative Tables for 172 Countries, German Agency for Technical Cooperation (www.internationalfuelprices.com).
National Household Travel Survey (2001), BTS, USDOT (www.bts.gov/nhts) provides information on a series of travel surveys performed every five years in the United States.
NationMaster (www.nationmaster.com) is a vast compilation of data from such sources as the CIA World Factbook, UN, and OECD categorized by subject and country. It can be used to compare countries and generate maps and graphs.
NATS (2008), North American Transportation Statistics Database, North American Transportation Statistics (http://nats.sct.gob.mx/nats/sys/index.jsp?i=3).
NHTSA (2004), National Minimum Model Uniform Crash Criteria, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (www.nhtsa-tsis.net); at www.nhtsa-tsis.net/projects/NHTSA/NHTSA_GHSA_MMUCC.htm.
NRC (2005), Energy Use Data Handbook, Natural Resources Canada (http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/data_e/handbook05/datahandbook2005.pdf).
NZMT (ongoing), Ongoing Travel Survey, New Zealand Ministry of Transport (www.transport.govt.nz/ongoing-travel-survey-index).
Office of Highway Policy Information (www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi) provides information on U.S. highway system planning, funding and use.
OECD (annual reports), International Road Traffic and Accident Database, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (www.bast.de/htdocs/fachthemen/irtad//english/we2.html).
OECD (annual reports), OECD Factbook, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (www.sourceoecd.org/factbook).
OECD (1998), Statistical Trends in Transport, 1965-1999, Source OECD (www.sourceoecd.org).
Pacific Analytics (2008), Assessing Vehicular GHG
Emissions: Comparison of Theoretical Measures and Technical Approaches, for
the Community Energy and Emissions Inventory (CEEI) Working Group, British
Columbia; at www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/climate/pdfs/ceei-comparison-study.pdf.
Pedestrian Quality Needs Study (www.walkeurope.org) is developing resources for evaluating pedestrians’ quality needs, and is producing reports on pedestrian conditions and activity in each participating country.
Alan Pisarski (2006), Commuting In America III, Transportation Research Board (www.trb.org).
Pnina O. Plaut (2006), “Intra-Household Choices Regarding Commuting and Housing,” Transportation Research A, Vol. 40, Issue 7 (www.elsevier.com/locate/tra), August 2006, pp. 561-571.
Richard H. Pratt (1999-2007), Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes, TCRP Report 95 Series, Web Document 12 (www.trb.org/trbnet/projectdisplay.asp?projectid=1033).
John Pucher and John L. Renne (2003), “Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 3 (www.enotrans.com), Summer 2003, pp. 49-77, at www.vtpi.org/TQNHTS.pdf.
Robert Puentes (2008), The Road…Less Traveled: An Analysis of Vehicle Miles Traveled Trends in the U.S., Brooking Institution (www.brookings.edu); at www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1216_transportation_tomer_puentes.aspx?emc=lm&m=220694&l=17&v=39243.
Clara Reschovsky (2004), Journey to Work: 2000 Census Brief, U.S. Census (www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-33.pdf).
Rutgers (various years), Cross National Time Series (www2.scc.rutgers.edu/cnts/about.php) Rutger University, is a set of databases that provide social and economic indicators for 266 countries, beginning in the year 1815. Access is limited.
Lee Schipper, Herbert Fabian and James Leather (2009), Transport and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Forecasts, Options Analysis, and Evaluation, Asian Development Bank (www.adb.org); at www.adb.org/documents/papers/adb-working-paper-series/ADB-WP09-Transport-CO2-Emissions.pdf.
SLoCaT (2010), Transport Data Contact Group, Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport Partnership (www.sutp.org/slocat); at www.sutp.org/slocat/work-program/transport-data-and-ghg-assessment.
Specialty Data Bundle -US National Transportation Data Bundle, The GeoCommunity Marketplace (www.gisdatadepot.com) a collection of data for use in GIS from the National Transportation Atlas Database.
Sperlings Best Places (www.bestplaces.net) evaluates communities based on various attributes.
Bert Sperling (2007), Cities Ranked & Rated: More Than 400 Metropolitan Areas Evaluated in the U.S. & Canada, Wiley Publishing (www.wiley.com).
StatsCan (2000), Canadian Vehicle Survey, Statistics Canada (www.statcan.ca); at http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/53-223-X/53-223-XIE2003000.pdf.
StatsCan (2006), Human Activity and the Environment: Annual Statistics; Transportation In Canada Special Report, Statistics Canada (www.statcan.ca).
StatsCan (2008), Commuting Patterns and Places of Work of Canadians, 2006 Census, Statistics Canada (www.statcan.ca); at www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/pow/index.cfm.
Sustainable Development Indicators Website (www.sdi.gov) provides information on various environmental and sustainable development statistics available in the U.S., much of which are provided by federal government agencies.
STI (2008), Sustainable Transportation Indicators: A Recommended Program To Define A Standard Set of Indicators For Sustainable Transportation Planning, Sustainable Transportation Indicators Subcommittee (ADD40 [1]), Transportation Research Board (www.trb.org); at www.vtpi.org/sustain/sti.pdf.
TCRP (2002), Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems, TCRP Report 73, Transportation Research Board, Federal Transit Administration (http://www4.trb.org), at http://www4.trb.org/trb/onlinepubs.nsf/web/TCRP_Reports.
TrafficLinq (www.trafficlinq.com) is an extensive directory of links covering issues regarding road traffic and transportation. It covers about 1,000 web sites world wide, and has an option to scan all transportation sites with one query.
Transport Geography on the Web (www.people.hofstra.edu/geotrans) is an Internet resource to promote access to transport geography information, including articles, maps, figures, and datatsets.
TransStats: The Intermodal Transportation Database (www.transtats.bts.gov).
UITP (2005), Mobility In Cities Database, International Association of Public Transport (www.uitp.org); at www.uitp.org/publications/MCD2-order.
UITP (2010), Report On Statistical Indicators Of Public Transport Performance In Sub-Saharan Africa, International Association of Public Transport (www.uitp.org); www.uitp.org/knowledge/projects-details.cfm?id=444.
UNECU (2008), Annual Bulletin Of Transport Statistics For Europe And North America, Economic Commission For Europe (www.unece.org); at www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/ABTS2008.pdf; data spreadsheet at www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/ABTS2008_tables.zip.
USEPA (2008), EPA's Report on the Environment (ROE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm). This report includes information on various environmental impacts, including air and water pollution, and land use.
USEPA Transportation Tools (www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/tools_transportation.html) provides links to sources of information on transportation activities, emissions and emission reduction strategies.
Vehicle-Related Fatalities Website (www.ite.org/crashes/index.htm), Institute of Transportation Engineers.
VTPI (2007), OECD Country Data Summary, assembled by the Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org); at www.vtpi.org/OECD2004.xls.
VTPI (2007), 2009 Urban Transport Performance Spreadsheet, Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org); at www.vtpi.org/Transit2009.xls.
WBCSD (2001), Mobility 2001: World Mobility at the End of the Twentieth Century and Its Sustainability, (World Business Council for Sustainable Development (www.wbcsd.org); at www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MTg1.
Working Party for Transport Statistics (www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/transstatwp6agenda.html) is a professional organization sponsored by the United Nationals Economic Commission for Europe working to harmonize transport statistics at the international level.
World Bank Transport Website (www.worldbank.org/transport) includes a variety of transportation information.
World Mapper Website (www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper) is a collection of world maps with territories sized on the map according to the subject of interest.
WRDC (2004), Measuring What Matters, Western Rural Development Center (www.extension.usu.edu/wrdc/resources/research/index.htm).
This Encyclopedia is produced by the Victoria Transport Policy Institute to help improve understanding of Transportation Demand Management. It is an ongoing project. Please send us your comments and suggestions for improvement.
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
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