Regional and
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TDM
Encyclopedia
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
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Updated
August 27, 2007
This chapter identifies TDM policies and programs suitable for implementation by regional and county governments.
Regional and county governments, including regional organizations such as port authorities and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), are responsible for planning, developing and operating transportation facilities and services between cities. Because they are responsible for transportation on major urban corridors and for addressing multiple problems such as congestion, accidents and air pollution, TDM solutions tend to be particularly appropriate for regional organizations.
Regional governments tend to be concerned with medium-distance (10-100 mile) travel on major urban corridors and so are responsible for planning and operating major urban highway and transit programs.
Regional governments provide the coordination required for effective TDM among various stakeholders, including various levels of government, jurisdictions within a region, industries, businesses, and special interest groups. For example, efforts to shift regional trips from automobile to ridesharing and public transit requires a combination of Transit Service Improvements, HOV Priority on major roadways, Walking and Cycling Improvements at destinations, and Commuter Financial Incentives.
Regional governments can support TDM implementation in the following ways:
The following strategies are particularly suitable for implementation by regional governments and organizations. For more detailed information see the TDM Summary Table.
Policies and
programs to preserve the value of assets such as roadways and parking
facilities.
Bus Rapid Transit
(BRT) systems provide high quality bus service on busy urban corridors.
Ways to build
support for institutional change.
Freight
Transportation Management
Strategies for
improving the efficiency of freight and commercial transport.
Describes various
ways to fund transportation programs and evaluates the degree to which they
support TDM objectives.
Strategies that give
transit and rideshare vehicles priority over other traffic.
Creating
organizations that support efficient transport.
Creating an unbiased
framework for transport planning.
Light Rail Transit
systems provide convenient local transit service on busy urban corridors.
Location
Efficient Development
Development that
maximizes multi-modal accessibility.
Programs that
encourage more efficient use of existing roadway systems.
Providing convenient
parking at transit and rideshare stations.
Policy changes to
encourage competition, innovation, diversity and efficiency in transport
services.
Encouraging
carpooling and vanpooling.
Congestion pricing,
value pricing, road tolls and HOT lanes.
Land use practices
to create more efficient and livable communities.
Policy and planning
reforms that encourage Smart Growth.
Developing an
institutional framework for implementing TDM.
Strategies for
improving public transit services.
Using transit stations
as a catalyst for creating livable communities.
Transportation
Management Associations
Member-controlled
organizations that provide transportation services in a particular area.
Transportation
Model Improvements
Discusses ways to
improve transport models.
The Puget Sound Regional Council provides information on various financial incentives and regulations to support Smart Growth land use development, and examples of successful developments that reflect Smart Growth principles. The financial incentives and regulations they recommend include:
·
Modify zoning and development regulations.
·
Tailor regulatory mechanisms to the station area.
·
Simplify the Permit Review Process.
·
Tax Increment Financing.
·
Tax Incentive Zones for Transit.
·
Multi-Family Tax Abatement.
·
Location Efficient Mortgages.
The Livable Region
Strategic Plan (LRSP) produced by the Greater Vancouver Regional District
(GVRD) provides a regional growth strategy. It was adopted by the GVRD Board
with formal support of all municipalities and recognized by the B.C. provincial
government in 1996. The primary goal of the plan is to help maintain regional
livability and protect the environment in the face of anticipated growth. It is
used by all levels of government to guide and coordinate land use and
transportation decisions. The LRSP is linked to local community plans through a
Regional Context Statement. Other agencies, the private sector and residents
also use the plan to understand and contribute to Greater Vancouver's vision
for its future development.
The Washington State
Growth Management Act requires each Regional Transportation Planning
Organization (RTPO) to develop a regional transportation plan based on a least
cost planning methodology that identifies the most cost-effective
transportation facilities, services and programs for their region. Regional
Transportation Plans adopted after July 1, 1995 should incrementally
incorporate least-cost planning methodologies as they are updated. All RTPs
developed or updated and adopted after July 1, 2000 must be based upon a
least-cost planning methodology.
The San Francisco Regional
Metropolitan Transportation Commission has developed a transit connectivity
plan designed to improve service quality and ridership by improving the
following features:
· Information
and wayfinding. This
includes regional transit information (a single contact for all types of public
transport services), improved maps in and around stations, and accurate
real-time bus and train arrival information (including dynamic signs at
stations, websites and telephone system).
· Schedule
coordination. Improved
schedule coordination between different modes and lines, including
timed-transfer and pulsed networks.
· Fare
integration. Integrated
fares, so one type of pass, rate structure and transfer policy applies to all
public transportation services throughout a region.
· Last-mile
improvements. This refers to
the ease of access to transit stops and hubs, including shuttle services,
bicycle and pedestrian access, and parking for automobiles and bicycles.
· Hub
(transit stop and station) amenities. These include reduction of walking distances (between train and bus
platforms and other services), enhanced comfort, weather protection, restrooms,
improved security, and improved cleanliness.
To help implement these improvements the regional
transportation planning agency established a Transit Connectivity Working Group
comprised of representatives from transit agencies, cities, counties,
congestion management agencies, business associations, and other stakeholders
which provides technical advice and support.
In 2003 the New Zealand Government began establishing the
Auckland Regional Transport Authority (ARTA), which will have responsibility
for all
·
Operational planning of integrated road and passenger transport
infrastructure and services for the region, including consultation as
appropriate with Transfund, Transit, TrackCo and territorial authorities, and
travel demand management programs.
·
Funding of
·
Implementation of operational plans.
·
Funding all roads other than state highways, including c0-funding of all local
roads in conjunction with territorial authorities.
This new authority will be accountable to the Auckland Regional Council (ARC). The ARC will continue to have statutory responsibility for the Auckland Regional Growth Strategy, Auckland Regional Land Transport Strategy and the Auckland Regional Policy Statement.
The
ARTA will receive government and local money to implement the plan and will
contract with
ACCESS - Eurocities for a New Mobility Culture (www.access-eurocities.org)
a local authority network aiming to promote a new mobility culture throughout
Best Practices & Local Leadership Programme (www.bestpractices.org)
United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-HABITAT)
Booz-Allen & Hamilton (2001), Organizing for
Regional Transportation Operations: An Executive Guide, Federation Highway
Administration and
CCAP (2005), Transportation Emissions Guidebook: Land Use, Transit &
Travel Demand Management, Center for Clean
Air Policy (www.ccap.org/trans.htm).
This guidebook helps users assess the air pollution,
energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions benefits of a variety of
transportation and land use policies. Includes policy overviews, success
stories and links to key models and resources.
COST, Best Practice For Sustainable Urban Infrastructures, COST Program (www.cf.ac.uk/archi/research/cost8).
ELTIS Case Study Database (www.eltis.org/en/indexcse.htm)
European Local Transport Information Service.
EURONET/ICLEI
Consortium (www3.iclei.org/egpis/citylist.htm)
European Database on Good Practice in Urban Management and Sustainability (http://europa.eu.int/comm/urban), is designed to help local authorities to work towards sustainability by disseminating good practice and policy, facilitating the exchange of experience, and raising awareness about how cities and towns can be managed in more sustainable ways.
European Local
Transport Information Service (ELTIS) (www.eltis.org/en/search.htm) is
an on-line guide to over 400 transportation measures, policies and practices in
Search its extensive database via keywords or “transport concepts.” Abstracts link to full documents and web links.
European Program for Mobility Management Examples (www.epommweb.org/examples/examples.html) describes various European transportation demand management programs.
FHWA (2000), Toolbox for Regional Policy Analysis; Distribution of Impacts Case Studies, Federal Highway Administration (www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/toolbox).
FHWA (2006), Managing Travel Demand: Applying European
Perspectives to
ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) Case Studies, (www3.iclei.org/iclei/casestud.htm), Case Reference & Cities Database (www.iclei.org/iclei/icrsrch.htm), and European Good Practice Information Service “Local Sustainability” (http://cities21.com/coldfus/citylist.dbm). Extensive information on best practices by local governments and agencies, including many involving transportation and land use policies. Examples are from all over the globe and include replication aspects.
IPS, Model Cities: Urban Best Practices (www.ips.org.sg/publications/pub_mc99i.htm),
Urban Redevelopment Authority,
MTE, Online Best Practices Database and Case Studies Database, Moving On the Economy (www.movingtheeconomy.ca) is an ever-expanding searchable inventory of sustainable transportation economic success stories.
NALGEP (2005), Clean Communities on the Move: A Partnership-Driven Approach to Clean Air and Smart Transportation, National Association of Local Government Environmental Professionals (NALGEP), (www.nalgep.org).
NCS, Climate Protection Manual For Mayors,
Natural Capital Solutions (www.natcapsolutions.org/ClimateProtectionManual.htm),
provides case studies, best practices, cost/benefit analyses, legislation,
technical descriptions and contacts to facilitate local energy conservation and
emission reduction planning and program implementation.
OECD (2000), Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Best Practice Competition, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (www1.oecd.org/env/ccst/est/curract/vienna2000/EST-Best-Practices-Synthesis-Report-Part2.pdf). Includes 18 transportation best practices case studies.
OUM (2001), TDM Success Stories, Office of Urban Mobility, Washington State Department of Transportation (www.wsdot.wa.gov/mobility/TDM/TDMsuccess.html).
SMILE - Sustainable Urban Transport Policies and
Initiatives (www.smile-europe.org/frame22.html).
170 successful and replicable European practices for sustainable mobility.
National Association of Regional Councils (www.narc.org) is a professional organization that support community planning. It provides a variety of resources related to regional transportation planning.
Strategic Policy Options for Sustainable Development Database (www.iges.or.jp/cgi-bin/rispo/index_spo.cgi), Research on Innovative and Strategic Policy Options (RISPO) by the Institute for Global Environmental Studies provides information, recommended best practices and case studies on a wide range of sustainable policies and strategies.
TELLUS - Bringing CIVITAS Onto the Road (www.tellus-cities.net), European Union. Describes projects to demonstrate that integrated urban transport policies can help reduce urban traffic problems.
Transport Research Knowledge Centre (http://ec.europa.eu/transport/extra/web/index.cfm) provides information on European transport research programmes that support sustainable mobility.
Transportation Demand
Management (TDM) Database (www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environment/UTSP/tdm.htm)
by Transport
UITP, Mobility in Cities Database (www.uitp.com/Project/index29.htm)
USCM, Best Practices Database (www.usmayors.org/uscm/best_practices)
U.S. Conference of Mayors.
USEPA (2001), Directory of Air Quality Economic Incentive Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (http://yosemite.epa.gov/aa/programs.nsf).
USEPA (2002), Transportation Control Measures Program Information Directory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (http://yosemite.epa.gov/aa/tcmsitei.nsf). This is an on-line searchable database with approximately 120 case studies of programs that reduce transportation pollution emissions.
USEPA (2002), Smart Moves: Transportation and Smart Growth Best Practices (www.epa.gov/livability/smart_moves.htm) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This competition profiles state and local efforts to promote smart growth principles in transportation projects.
USEPA, Gateway to International Best Practices and
Innovations,
David Van Hattum (2003), Expanding Commuter Options in the Twin Cities: Practical and Cost-Effective Steps To Reduce Congestion By Optimizing Travel Demand Management (TDM) Strategies, Minnesota Office of Environmental Assistance (www.moea.state.mn.us), Downtown Minneapolis TMO (www.mplstmo.org/TDMguidebook.htm) and 494 Commuter Services (www.494corridor.org).
WBCSD,
Sustainable Mobility Project,
World Business Council on Sustainable Development (www.wbcsdmobility.org/mobility_web/index.asp)
includes 200 mobility case studies with
brief descriptions and internet links.
WCEL (2004), Smart Bylaws Guide, West Coast Environmental Law Foundation (www.wcel.org/issues/urban/sbg). This comprehensive guide describes smart growth practices, provides technical standards and model bylaws that can be tailored to specific municipal circumstances, and includes numerous case studies.
WHO, Healthy City Network (www.who.dk/healthy-cities/CitiesAndNetworks/20010919_1)
WHO (2004), Case Studies On Sustainable Development, World Health Organization (www.who.dk/eprise/main/WHO/Progs/HCP/Documentation/20010917_2)
This
Encyclopedia is produced by the Victoria Transport Policy Institute to help
improve understanding of Transportation Demand Management. It is an ongoing
project. Please send us your comments and suggestions for improvement.
www.vtpi.org info@vtpi.org
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